APNI KAKSHA
BSEB Class 12 English Grammar
English + बहुत आसान हिंदी — Hindi Medium के लिए
Bihar Board | Board Exam 2026
1. Parts of Speech
Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Words are divided into eight classes according to the work they do in a sentence. These classes are called Parts of Speech.
हिंदी में समझें: Sentence में हर word का एक काम होता है। उस काम के हिसाब से word को 8 भागों में बाँटा जाता है। इन्हें Parts of Speech कहते हैं। जैसे cricket में हर player का role अलग होता है — कोई batsman, कोई bowler।
📏 8 Parts of Speech — आसान हिंदी में
- Noun (संज्ञा): Name of person, place, thing, feeling — Ram, Delhi, book, love | किसी का नाम
- Pronoun (सर्वनाम): Used in place of noun — He, she, it, they | Noun की जगह
- Adjective (विशेषण): Describes noun/pronoun — good, big, red | Noun की विशेषता
- Verb (क्रिया): Shows action/state — run, eat, is | काम बताता है
- Adverb (क्रिया-विशेषण): Describes verb/adjective — quickly, very | काम कैसे हुआ
- Preposition (संबंधबोधक): Shows relation — in, on, at, by | Relation बताता है
- Conjunction (संयोजक): Joins words/clauses — and, but, or | जोड़ता है
- Interjection (विस्मयादिबोधक): Sudden feeling — Oh!, Wow! | अचानक भाव
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
Noun: Sita reads a book.
सीता एक किताब पढ़ती है।
Sita = व्यक्ति का नाम, book = वस्तु का नाम → Noun
Pronoun: She is my sister.
वह मेरी बहन है।
“She” Sita की जगह use हुआ → Pronoun
Adjective: He is a brave boy.
वह एक बहादुर लड़का है।
“Brave” boy की विशेषता बता रहा है → Adjective
Verb: They play football.
वे फुटबॉल खेलते हैं।
“Play” काम बता रहा है → Verb
Adverb: She sings beautifully.
वह सुंदर तरीके से गाती है।
“Beautifully” गाने का तरीका बता रहा है → Adverb
Preposition: The book is on the table.
किताब मेज़ पर है।
“On” book और table का relation बता रहा है → Preposition
Conjunction: I like tea and coffee.
मुझे चाय और कॉफ़ी पसंद है।
“And” दो चीज़ें जोड़ रहा है → Conjunction
Interjection: Wow! What a beautiful scene.
वाह! क्या सुंदर दृश्य है।
“Wow!” अचानक खुशी का भाव → Interjection
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
Sentence में word का काम देखो, word का रूप नहीं। एक ही word अलग-अलग sentence में अलग-अलग Part of Speech हो सकता है।
- “Water” → “Drink water” में Noun, “Water the plants” में Verb
- Noun = नाम, Verb = काम, Adjective = विशेषता, Adverb = कैसे/कब/कहाँ
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ He gave me an advice.
✅ He gave me a piece of advice.
क्यों? Advice uncountable noun है, इसलिए “an” नहीं लगेगा।
❌ She is my cousin sister.
✅ She is my cousin.
क्यों? Cousin दोनों gender के लिए use होता है।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
Identify the part of speech of the underlined word: “She sings beautifully.”
✅ Answer: Adverb
हिंदी में: “Beautifully” गाने का तरीका बता रहा है, इसलिए Adverb है।
📝 Practice Questions
- Identify the noun: “The dog barks loudly.”
A. dog B. barks C. loudly D. The
- Identify the pronoun: “They are playing cricket.”
A. playing B. cricket C. They D. are
- Identify the adjective: “She wore a red dress.”
A. wore B. red C. dress D. She
- Identify the adverb: “She speaks slowly.”
A. speaks B. She C. slowly D. speaks slowly
Answers:
1. A. dog — कुत्ते का नाम है, Noun है।
2. C. They — Noun की जगह use हुआ, Pronoun है।
3. B. red — dress की विशेषता बता रहा है, Adjective है।
4. C. slowly — बोलने का तरीका बता रहा है, Adverb है।
1. A. dog — कुत्ते का नाम है, Noun है।
2. C. They — Noun की जगह use हुआ, Pronoun है।
3. B. red — dress की विशेषता बता रहा है, Adjective है।
4. C. slowly — बोलने का तरीका बता रहा है, Adverb है।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Noun = नाम (व्यक्ति, जगह, वस्तु, भाव)
- Pronoun = Noun की जगह (He, She, It, They)
- Adjective = Noun/Pronoun की विशेषता
- Verb = Action/State
- Adverb = क्रिया कैसे हुई (जल्दी, धीरे, अच्छा)
- Preposition = Relation (in, on, at, by)
- Conjunction = जोड़ने वाला (and, but, or)
- Interjection = अचानक भाव (Oh!, Wow!)
2. Tenses (काल)
Present, Past, Future — All forms and uses
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Tense tells us the time of an action — whether it happens in the present, past or future.
हिंदी में समझें: Tense बताता है कि कोई काम कब हुआ, कब हो रहा है, या कब होगा।
- Present = अभी या रोज़ होने वाला काम
- Past = जो काम पहले हो चुका है
- Future = जो काम आगे होगा
📏 Tense Structures — 12 Tenses
| Tense | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Subject + V1/V1+s/es | He plays cricket. |
| Present Continuous | Subject + is/am/are + V1+ing | She is reading. |
| Present Perfect | Subject + has/have + V3 | They have gone. |
| Present Perfect Cont. | Subject + has/have been + V1+ing | He has been working. |
| Past Simple | Subject + V2 | I went to Delhi. |
| Past Continuous | Subject + was/were + V1+ing | She was singing. |
| Past Perfect | Subject + had + V3 | He had left. |
| Past Perfect Cont. | Subject + had been + V1+ing | They had been waiting. |
| Future Simple | Subject + will/shall + V1 | I will call you. |
| Future Continuous | Subject + will be + V1+ing | She will be studying. |
| Future Perfect | Subject + will have + V3 | He will have finished. |
| Future Perfect Cont. | Subject + will have been + V1+ing | They will have been playing. |
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
Present Simple: She writes a letter.
वह एक पत्र लिखती है।
क्यों? “She” singular subject है, इसलिए verb “write” के साथ -s लगा → writes.
Present Continuous: She is writing a letter.
वह एक पत्र लिख रही है।
क्यों? काम अभी हो रहा है, इसलिए is/am/are + V1+ing use होता है।
Present Perfect: She has written a letter.
उसने एक पत्र लिख लिया है।
क्यों? काम अभी-अभी पूरा हुआ है, इसलिए has/have + V3 लगा।
Past Simple: She wrote a letter.
उसने एक पत्र लिखा।
क्यों? काम पहले हो चुका है, इसलिए V2 (wrote) use हुआ।
Past Continuous: She was writing a letter.
वह एक पत्र लिख रही थी।
क्यों? Past में काम चल रहा था, इसलिए was/were + V1+ing लगा।
Future Simple: She will write a letter.
वह एक पत्र लिखेगी।
क्यों? काम आगे होगा, इसलिए will + V1 लगा।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick — Time Words देखो
- every day, usually, always → Present Simple
- now, at this moment, look → Present Continuous
- yesterday, last week, ago → Past Simple
- already, just, yet, ever → Present Perfect
- tomorrow, next week, soon → Future Simple
- since, for → Present Perfect Continuous (with be + V1+ing)
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ He go to school every day.
✅ He goes to school every day.
क्यों? “He” singular subject है, इसलिए Simple Present में verb के साथ -es लगेगा।
❌ I am knowing him.
✅ I know him.
क्यों? “Know” एक stative verb है, इसका continuous form नहीं बनता।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
He ___ to school every day.
A. go B. goes C. going D. gone
✅ Answer: B. goes
हिंदी में: “He” singular third-person subject है। Simple Present Tense में singular subject के साथ verb में s/es लगता है। इसलिए “goes” सही है।
📝 Practice Questions
- She ___ (read) a book now.
A. reads B. read C. is reading D. has read
- They ___ (play) football yesterday.
A. play B. played C. are playing D. have played
- I ___ (finish) my homework already.
A. finish B. finished C. have finished D. am finishing
- The sun ___ (rise) in the east.
A. rise B. rose C. rises D. is rising
Answers:
1. C. is reading — अभी हो रहा है, इसलिए Present Continuous।
2. B. played — “Yesterday” है, इसलिए Past Simple।
3. C. have finished — “Already” है, इसलिए Present Perfect।
4. C. rises — सामान्य सत्य है, और “sun” singular है।
1. C. is reading — अभी हो रहा है, इसलिए Present Continuous।
2. B. played — “Yesterday” है, इसलिए Past Simple।
3. C. have finished — “Already” है, इसलिए Present Perfect।
4. C. rises — सामान्य सत्य है, और “sun” singular है।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Simple Present = रोज़ की आदत, सामान्य सत्य
- Present Continuous = अभी हो रहा काम (is/am/are + V1+ing)
- Present Perfect = अभी-अभी पूरा (has/have + V3)
- Past Simple = पहले हो चुका (V2)
- Past Continuous = past में चल रहा था (was/were + V1+ing)
- Future = will/shall + V1
- Stative verbs (know, love, hate, believe) का continuous form नहीं बनता।
3. Articles (A, An, The)
A, An, The, Zero Article
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Articles are words placed before nouns to show whether we are talking about something general or specific.
हिंदी में समझें: Articles छोटे words हैं जो noun से पहले आते हैं और बताते हैं कि noun general है या specific। A, An = कोई भी एक (general), The = कोई ख़ास (specific)।
📏 Rules — नियम
- A → consonant sound से पहले। a book, a university, a European
- An → vowel sound से पहले। an apple, an hour, an honest man
- The → specific, unique, superlative, पहले mention की गई चीज़ों के लिए। the sun, the best, the book I bought
- Zero Article → proper nouns, abstract nouns (general), plural nouns (general) के साथ article नहीं लगता। India, honesty, books
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
A: I saw a dog.
मैंने एक कुत्ता देखा।
क्यों? “Dog” consonant sound से शुरू होता है, इसलिए “a” लगा।
An: She ate an orange.
उसने एक संतरा खाया।
क्यों? “Orange” vowel sound से शुरू होता है, इसलिए “an” लगा।
The: The sun rises in the east.
सूर्य पूर्व में उगता है।
क्यों? “Sun” unique है (एक ही है), इसलिए “the” लगा।
Zero Article: Books are our best friends.
किताबें हमारी सबसे अच्छी मित्र हैं।
क्यों? यहाँ books general में use हुआ है, इसलिए कोई article नहीं।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
Letter नहीं, SOUND देखो!
- “An hour” — “h” silent है, इसलिए vowel sound है → an
- “A university” — “yoo” sound है (consonant) → a
- “A European” — “yoo” sound → a
- “An honest man” — “h” silent है → an
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ I like the music.
✅ I like music.
क्यों? सामान्य बात है, article नहीं लगेगा।
❌ She is a best student.
✅ She is the best student.
क्यों? Superlative (best) के साथ “the” लगता है।
❌ He is a honest man.
✅ He is an honest man.
क्यों? “Honest” का “h” silent है, vowel sound है।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
She is ___ honest woman.
A. a B. an C. the D. no article
✅ Answer: B. an
हिंदी में: “Honest” का “h” silent है, इसलिए vowel sound से शुरू होता है। Vowel sound से पहले “an” लगता है।
📝 Practice Questions
- He is ___ M.A. in English.
A. a B. an C. the D. no article
- ___ Ganga is a holy river.
A. A B. An C. The D. no article
- We waited for ___ hour.
A. a B. an C. the D. no article
- He plays ___ guitar.
A. a B. an C. the D. no article
Answers:
1. B. an — “M” का उच्चारण “em” है (vowel sound)।
2. C. The — नदियों के नाम के पहले “the” लगता है।
3. B. an — “Hour” का “h” silent है।
4. C. the — वाद्य यंत्रों के पहले “the” लगता है।
1. B. an — “M” का उच्चारण “em” है (vowel sound)।
2. C. The — नदियों के नाम के पहले “the” लगता है।
3. B. an — “Hour” का “h” silent है।
4. C. the — वाद्य यंत्रों के पहले “the” लगता है।
⭐ VVI Rules
- A = consonant sound, An = vowel sound (sound देखो, letter नहीं)
- The = specific/unique/superlative
- The = नदियों, समुद्रों, पर्वत श्रृंखलाओं, वाद्य यंत्रों के साथ
- Zero article = proper nouns, general plural, general abstract nouns
- An hour, an honest man, a university, a European — याद रखो।
4. Subject–Verb Agreement
Verb must match the subject
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: The verb must agree with its subject in number (singular/plural) and person.
हिंदी में समझें: Sentence में verb का रूप subject के हिसाब से होना चाहिए। Singular subject के साथ singular verb, plural subject के साथ plural verb।
📏 Key Rules — मुख्य नियम
- Singular subject → Singular verb — He goes.
- Plural subject → Plural verb — They go.
- Two subjects joined by “and” → Plural verb — Ram and Shyam are here.
- Two subjects joined by “or/nor” → Verb nearer subject के साथ match करेगा।
- Each, every, either, neither, everyone, somebody → Singular verb।
- Uncountable nouns (water, milk, information) → Singular verb।
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
He plays cricket.
वह क्रिकेट खेलता है।
क्यों? “He” singular है, इसलिए verb में -s लगा।
They play cricket.
वे क्रिकेट खेलते हैं।
क्यों? “They” plural है, इसलिए verb base form में है।
Each of the boys has a book.
हर लड़के के पास एक किताब है।
क्यों? “Each” singular है, इसलिए “has” लगा।
Neither of them has a car.
उनमें से किसी के पास कार नहीं है।
क्यों? “Neither” singular है, इसलिए “has” लगा।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
असली subject ढूंढो, बीच के words नहीं।
- “The quality of the mangoes is good” → Subject = “quality” (singular)
- “One of my friends is coming” → Subject = “one” (singular)
- “The boy, along with his friends, is here” → Subject = “boy”
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ One of my friends are coming.
✅ One of my friends is coming.
क्यों? Subject “one” है (singular), इसलिए “is”।
❌ Each of the boys have a pen.
✅ Each of the boys has a pen.
क्यों? “Each” singular है।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
Each of the students ___ a book.
A. have B. has C. are D. is
✅ Answer: B. has
हिंदी में: “Each” singular pronoun है, इसलिए singular verb “has” लगेगा।
📝 Practice Questions
- Neither of the boys ___ (be) present.
A. are B. is C. were D. have
- Ram and Shyam ___ (be) good friends.
A. is B. was C. are D. has
- The quality of the mangoes ___ (be) good.
A. are B. were C. is D. have
- One of my friends ___ (be) a doctor.
A. are B. is C. were D. have
Answers:
1. B. is — “Neither” singular है।
2. C. are — दो subjects हैं, इसलिए plural।
3. C. is — Subject “quality” है (singular)।
4. B. is — Subject “one” है (singular)।
1. B. is — “Neither” singular है।
2. C. are — दो subjects हैं, इसलिए plural।
3. C. is — Subject “quality” है (singular)।
4. B. is — Subject “one” है (singular)।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Each, every, either, neither, everyone, someone → Singular verb
- Two subjects + “and” → Plural verb
- Two subjects + “or/nor” → Nearer subject के साथ verb
- Uncountable nouns → Singular verb
- बीच के phrases (of, along with, with) को ignore करो — असली subject ढूंढो
5. Modals
Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Must, Ought to
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Modal verbs are helping verbs that express ability, possibility, permission, obligation, advice, etc. They are always followed by the base form of the main verb.
हिंदी में समझें: Modal verbs helping verbs होते हैं जो ability, permission, possibility, obligation, advice जैसी बातें बताते हैं। इनके बाद हमेशा main verb का base form (V1) आता है।
📏 Uses of Modals — उपयोग
- Can: ability, permission — She can swim. (वह तैर सकती है)
- Could: past ability, polite request — Could you help me?
- May: possibility, formal permission — It may rain.
- Might: weaker possibility — He might come.
- Will: future, willingness — I will help you.
- Would: polite request, past habit — I would like tea.
- Shall: suggestion, formal future — Shall we go?
- Should: advice — You should study.
- Must: strong obligation — You must obey.
- Ought to: moral obligation — We ought to respect elders.
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
She can speak English.
वह अंग्रेज़ी बोल सकती है।
क्यों? Ability बता रहा है, इसलिए “can” लगा।
May I come in?
क्या मैं अंदर आ सकता हूँ?
क्यों? Permission माँग रहा है, इसलिए “may” लगा।
You should exercise daily.
तुम्हें रोज़ व्यायाम करना चाहिए।
क्यों? Advice दे रहा है, इसलिए “should” लगा।
He must finish the work.
उसे काम पूरा करना ही होगा।
क्यों? Strong obligation है, इसलिए “must” लगा।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
Modal + Base Verb (V1) — Modal के बाद “to” नहीं लगता (except “ought to”)। Modal के बाद verb में -s/-es नहीं लगता।
- Ability → can/could
- Permission → may/can
- Advice → should/ought to
- Obligation → must/should
- Possibility → may/might/could
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ She can to swim.
✅ She can swim.
क्यों? Modal के बाद “to” नहीं लगता।
❌ He must goes now.
✅ He must go now.
क्यों? Modal के बाद verb base form में होता है।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
You ___ obey your parents.
A. can B. may C. must D. could
✅ Answer: C. must
हिंदी में: “Must” strong moral obligation बताता है। माता-पिता की बात मानना एक strong obligation है।
📝 Practice Questions
- She ___ swim very well. (ability)
A. can B. must C. should D. would
- You ___ study hard. (advice)
A. can B. should C. may D. might
- We ___ respect our elders. (moral obligation)
A. can B. may C. ought to D. might
- ___ you please help me? (polite request)
A. Could B. Must C. Should D. Will
Answers:
1. A. can — Ability के लिए।
2. B. should — Advice के लिए।
3. C. ought to — Moral obligation के लिए।
4. A. Could — Polite request के लिए।
1. A. can — Ability के लिए।
2. B. should — Advice के लिए।
3. C. ought to — Moral obligation के लिए।
4. A. Could — Polite request के लिए।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Modal + V1 (base form), कभी “to” नहीं
- Ability → can, Permission → may/can, Advice → should, Obligation → must
- Possibility → may/might/could
- Polite request → could/would
- Past की ability → could
- Moral obligation → ought to / should
6. Active & Passive Voice
Changing the voice of a sentence
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: In Active Voice, the subject does the action. In Passive Voice, the subject receives the action.
हिंदी में समझें: Active Voice में subject काम करता है। Passive Voice में subject पर काम होता है।
- Active: Ram eats a mango. (राम आम खाता है)
- Passive: A mango is eaten by Ram. (आम राम के द्वारा खाया जाता है)
📏 Rules for Changing Voice
- Active का object → Passive का subject बन जाता है।
- Active का subject → Passive में “by” के साथ object बन जाता है।
- Main verb → Past Participle (V3) बन जाता है।
- “Be” का सही form (is/am/are/was/were/been/being) add करो।
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | She writes a letter. | A letter is written by her. |
| Past Simple | He broke the glass. | The glass was broken by him. |
| Present Perfect | They have finished it. | It has been finished by them. |
| Future Simple | I will call you. | You will be called by me. |
| Modal | You must obey rules. | Rules must be obeyed by you. |
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
Active: She writes a letter.
वह एक पत्र लिखती है।
Passive: A letter is written by her.
उसके द्वारा एक पत्र लिखा जाता है।
क्यों? Object “a letter” subject बना, “writes” → “is written”, “she” → “by her”।
Active: He broke the glass.
उसने गिलास तोड़ा।
Passive: The glass was broken by him.
गिलास उसके द्वारा तोड़ा गया।
क्यों? Past tense में “was + V3” लगता है।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
पूछो: “काम कौन कर रहा है?”
- Subject कर रहा है → Active
- “By” phrase में doer है → Passive
- Passive में हमेशा V3 (Past Participle) होता है
- “By” के बाद object pronoun: me, him, her, them, us
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ The letter was wrote by him.
✅ The letter was written by him.
क्यों? V3 use करो, V2 नहीं।
❌ A mango is eat by Ram.
✅ A mango is eaten by Ram.
क्यों? Passive में V3 (eaten) लगता है।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
Change into passive voice: “She writes a letter.”
A. A letter is written by her. B. A letter was written by her. C. A letter is being written by her. D. A letter has been written by her.
✅ Answer: A. A letter is written by her.
हिंदी में: Present Simple का passive = is/am/are + V3 + by + object।
📝 Practice Questions
- Change to passive: “He eats an apple.”
A. An apple is eaten by him. B. An apple was eaten by him. C. An apple is being eaten by him. D. An apple has been eaten by him.
- Change to active: “The book was read by her.”
A. She reads the book. B. She read the book. C. She is reading the book. D. She has read the book.
- Change to passive: “You must respect your parents.”
A. Your parents must respected by you. B. Your parents must be respected by you. C. Your parents must been respected by you. D. Your parents must being respected by you.
- Change to passive: “Someone stole my pen.”
A. My pen is stolen. B. My pen was stolen. C. My pen has stolen. D. My pen stole.
Answers:
1. A. An apple is eaten by him. — Present Simple passive।
2. B. She read the book. — Past simple active।
3. B. Your parents must be respected by you. — Modal passive = must be + V3।
4. B. My pen was stolen. — Past passive, “by someone” optional।
1. A. An apple is eaten by him. — Present Simple passive।
2. B. She read the book. — Past simple active।
3. B. Your parents must be respected by you. — Modal passive = must be + V3।
4. B. My pen was stolen. — Past passive, “by someone” optional।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Object → Subject, Subject → by + object, Verb → V3
- Present: is/am/are + V3
- Past: was/were + V3
- Perfect: has/have/had + been + V3
- Future: will be + V3
- Modal: modal + be + V3
7. Direct & Indirect Speech (Narration)
Changing the form of reporting speech
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Direct Speech quotes the exact words of the speaker. Indirect Speech reports the meaning without quoting exactly.
हिंदी में समझें: Direct Speech में speaker के exact words quote करते हैं (quotation marks के साथ)। Indirect Speech में उन words का meaning report करते हैं (quotation marks के बिना)।
- Direct: He said, “I am tired.”
- Indirect: He said that he was tired.
📏 Rules for Changing Narration
- Reporting verb: “said to” → “told”; “said” → “said”
- Conjunction: Statements के लिए “that” use होता है।
- Pronouns: Speaker और listener के हिसाब से बदलो।
- Tense: Reporting verb past हो तो reported speech का tense एक step पीछे जाता है।
- Time/Place words: now → then, today → that day, here → there, this → that, yesterday → the previous day, tomorrow → the next day
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| am/is → | was |
| are → | were |
| V1 → | V2 |
| V2 → | had + V3 |
| has/have → | had |
| will → | would |
| can → | could |
| may → | might |
| must → | had to |
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
Direct: He said, “I am tired.”
उसने कहा, “मैं थका हुआ हूँ।”
Indirect: He said that he was tired.
उसने कहा कि वह थका हुआ था।
क्यों? “I” → “he”, “am” → “was” (tense एक step पीछे), “that” जोड़ा।
Direct: She said to me, “I will help you.”
उसने मुझसे कहा, “मैं तुम्हारी मदद करूँगी।”
Indirect: She told me that she would help me.
उसने मुझसे कहा कि वह मेरी मदद करेगी।
क्यों? “said to” → “told”, “I” → “she”, “will” → “would”, “you” → “me”।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick — SON Rule
- Subject (speaker) के हिसाब से pronoun बदलो
- Object (listener) के हिसाब से pronoun बदलो
- Noun (बाकी) वैसे ही रहते हैं
- Tense एक step पीछे: present → past, past → past perfect
- Universal truth (सामान्य सत्य) का tense नहीं बदलता।
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ He said that he is tired.
✅ He said that he was tired.
क्यों? Reporting verb past है, इसलिए reported speech का tense भी past होगा।
❌ She said that she will come.
✅ She said that she would come.
क्यों? “Will” का past form “would” होता है।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
Change into indirect speech: He said, “I am reading a book.”
A. He said that he is reading a book. B. He said that he was reading a book. C. He said that I was reading a book. D. He said that he had read a book.
✅ Answer: B. He said that he was reading a book.
हिंदी में: “I” → “he” (speaker के हिसाब से), “am reading” → “was reading” (tense एक step पीछे), “that” conjunction जोड़ा।
📝 Practice Questions
- Change to indirect: She said, “I am happy.”
A. She said that she is happy. B. She said that she was happy. C. She said that I was happy. D. She said that she had been happy.
- Change to indirect: He said to me, “I will call you.”
A. He told me that he will call me. B. He told me that he would call me. C. He said to me that he would call you. D. He told me that I would call him.
- Change to direct: He said that he was tired.
A. He said, “I am tired.” B. He said, “He was tired.” C. He said, “I was tired.” D. He said, “I will be tired.”
- Change to indirect: The teacher said, “The earth revolves around the sun.”
A. The teacher said that the earth revolved around the sun. B. The teacher said that the earth revolves around the sun. C. The teacher said that the earth had revolved around the sun. D. The teacher said that earth revolve around the sun.
Answers:
1. B. She said that she was happy. — “Am” → “was”।
2. B. He told me that he would call me. — “said to” → “told”, “will” → “would”, “you” → “me”।
3. A. He said, “I am tired.” — वापस direct में।
4. B. The teacher said that the earth revolves around the sun. — Universal truth का tense नहीं बदलता।
1. B. She said that she was happy. — “Am” → “was”।
2. B. He told me that he would call me. — “said to” → “told”, “will” → “would”, “you” → “me”।
3. A. He said, “I am tired.” — वापस direct में।
4. B. The teacher said that the earth revolves around the sun. — Universal truth का tense नहीं बदलता।
⭐ VVI Rules
- said to → told; said → said
- “That” conjunction statements में लगाओ
- Pronouns: SON rule (Subject-Object-Noun)
- Tense एक step पीछे (reported verb past हो तो)
- Universal truths का tense नहीं बदलता
- Time/place words: now→then, today→that day, yesterday→previous day, tomorrow→next day
8. Transformation of Sentences
Affirmative ↔ Negative, Assertive ↔ Interrogative, Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex, Degree
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Transformation means changing the form of a sentence without changing its meaning.
हिंदी में समझें: Transformation का मतलब है sentence का form बदलना, लेकिन meaning same रखना।
📏 Types of Transformation
| Type | Original | Transformed |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative ↔ Negative | He is honest. | He is not dishonest. |
| Assertive ↔ Interrogative | It is a nice day. | Isn’t it a nice day? |
| Exclamatory ↔ Assertive | What a beautiful scene! | It is a very beautiful scene. |
| Simple ↔ Compound | Being tired, he slept. | He was tired, so he slept. |
| Simple ↔ Complex | He is too weak to walk. | He is so weak that he cannot walk. |
| Degree of Comparison | Ram is the tallest boy. | No other boy is as tall as Ram. |
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
He is honest. → He is not dishonest.
वह ईमानदार है। → वह बेईमान नहीं है।
क्यों? Negative में बदला, लेकिन meaning same रहा।
It is a nice day. → Isn’t it a nice day?
यह सुंदर दिन है। → क्या यह सुंदर दिन नहीं है?
क्यों? Statement को question बनाया, meaning same।
He is too weak to walk. → He is so weak that he cannot walk.
वह चलने के लिए बहुत कमजोर है। → वह इतना कमजोर है कि चल नहीं सकता।
क्यों? Simple से Complex बनाया।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
- Affirmative → Negative: “not + opposite word” लगाओ
- Assertive → Interrogative: “Isn’t/Doesn’t” से शुरू करो
- Exclamatory → Assertive: “very” जोड़कर simple statement बनाओ
- Simple → Complex: “so…that”, “too…to” का प्रयोग
- Degree: positive ↔ comparative ↔ superlative में बदलो
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ Meaning बदल जाना transformation में।
✅ Meaning हमेशा same रहना चाहिए।
Transformation में सिर्फ form बदलता है, meaning नहीं।
❌ “More better” लिखना।
✅ “Better” सही है।
Double comparative गलत है।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
Change into negative: “He is honest.”
A. He is not honest. B. He is dishonest. C. He is not dishonest. D. He is not honest at all.
✅ Answer: C. He is not dishonest.
हिंदी में: “Honest” का opposite “dishonest” है। “Not” लगाकर negative बनाया, लेकिन meaning same रहा।
📝 Practice Questions
- Change to interrogative: “It is a good idea.”
A. Is it a good idea? B. Isn’t it a good idea? C. Is it not good idea? D. It is not a good idea?
- Change to assertive: “What a beautiful flower!”
A. It is a beautiful flower. B. It is a very beautiful flower. C. The flower is beautiful. D. The flower was very beautiful.
- Change to complex: “He is too weak to walk.”
A. He is very weak to walk. B. He is so weak that he cannot walk. C. He is weak and cannot walk. D. He cannot walk because weak.
- Change degree: “Ram is the tallest boy in the class.”
A. Ram is taller than any other boy. B. No other boy is as tall as Ram. C. Ram is very tall. D. Ram is taller than all boys.
Answers:
1. B. Isn’t it a good idea? — Assertive से interrogative।
2. B. It is a very beautiful flower. — Exclamatory से assertive।
3. B. He is so weak that he cannot walk. — Simple से complex।
4. B. No other boy is as tall as Ram. — Superlative से positive degree।
1. B. Isn’t it a good idea? — Assertive से interrogative।
2. B. It is a very beautiful flower. — Exclamatory से assertive।
3. B. He is so weak that he cannot walk. — Simple से complex।
4. B. No other boy is as tall as Ram. — Superlative से positive degree।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Affirmative → Negative: “not + opposite word”
- Assertive → Interrogative: “Isn’t/Doesn’t/Wasn’t” से शुरू
- Exclamatory → Assertive: “very” जोड़ो
- Simple → Complex: “so…that” का प्रयोग
- Degree: Superlative = “No other…as…as”
9. Clauses
Noun Clause, Adjective Clause, Adverb Clause
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate.
हिंदी में समझें: Clause एक group of words होता है जिसमें subject और predicate दोनों होते हैं।
📏 Types of Clauses
- Noun Clause: Noun का काम करता है — I know that he is honest.
- Adjective Clause: Noun को describe करता है — The boy who is wearing a red shirt is my friend.
- Adverb Clause: When/Where/Why/How बताता है — He came when I called him.
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
Noun Clause: What he said is true.
उसने जो कहा वह सच है।
“What he said” noun का काम कर रहा है (subject)।
Adjective Clause: The book which I bought is interesting.
जो किताब मैंने खरीदी वह दिलचस्प है।
“Which I bought” book को describe कर रहा है।
Adverb Clause: If it rains, we will stay at home.
अगर बारिश होगी, तो हम घर रहेंगे।
“If it rains” condition बता रहा है।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
- Noun का काम → Noun Clause
- Noun को describe → Adjective Clause
- When/Where/Why/How → Adverb Clause
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
Identify the clause: “I know that he is honest.”
A. Noun Clause B. Adjective Clause C. Adverb Clause D. Main Clause
✅ Answer: A. Noun Clause
हिंदी में: “That he is honest” यहाँ object का काम कर रहा है, इसलिए Noun Clause है।
📝 Practice Questions
- Identify the clause: “The book which I bought is interesting.”
A. Noun Clause B. Adjective Clause C. Adverb Clause D. Main Clause
- Identify the clause: “He came when I called him.”
A. Noun Clause B. Adjective Clause C. Adverb Clause D. Main Clause
- Identify the clause: “What he said is true.”
A. Noun Clause B. Adjective Clause C. Adverb Clause D. Main Clause
- Identify the clause: “I know the man who lives there.”
A. Noun Clause B. Adjective Clause C. Adverb Clause D. Main Clause
Answers:
1. B. Adjective Clause — “Which I bought” book को describe कर रहा है।
2. C. Adverb Clause — “When I called him” time बता रहा है।
3. A. Noun Clause — “What he said” subject का काम कर रहा है।
4. B. Adjective Clause — “Who lives there” man को describe कर रहा है।
1. B. Adjective Clause — “Which I bought” book को describe कर रहा है।
2. C. Adverb Clause — “When I called him” time बता रहा है।
3. A. Noun Clause — “What he said” subject का काम कर रहा है।
4. B. Adjective Clause — “Who lives there” man को describe कर रहा है।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Noun Clause = Noun का काम (subject/object)
- Adjective Clause = Noun को describe करता है
- Adverb Clause = When/Where/Why/How बताता है
- People के लिए “who”, things के लिए “which”, both के लिए “that”
10. Prepositions
Words showing relation between nouns/pronouns and other words
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to another word.
हिंदी में समझें: Preposition वह word है जो noun/pronoun से पहले आता है और उसका relation बाकी sentence से बताता है।
📏 Common Prepositions and Uses
| Preposition | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| In | Space/time के अंदर | in the room, in 2024 |
| On | Surface/day पर | on the table, on Monday |
| At | Point पर | at the door, at 5 PM |
| By | Person/method से | by Ram, by bus |
| With | Person/instrument के साथ | with Ram, with a pen |
| For | Purpose/duration के लिए | for you, for two hours |
| Since | Point of time से | since morning |
| From | Source से | from Delhi |
| To | Destination तक | to school |
| Of | Possession के लिए | the roof of the house |
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
She is in the room.
वह कमरे में है।
Room के अंदर है, इसलिए “in” लगा।
The book is on the table.
किताब मेज़ पर है।
Table के surface पर है, इसलिए “on” लगा।
I have been waiting since morning.
मैं सुबह से इंतज़ार कर रहा हूँ।
Morning एक point of time है, इसलिए “since” लगा।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
- In → months, years, seasons, cities, countries
- On → days, dates, surfaces
- At → time, specific point, night
- Since → point of time (since morning, since 2010)
- For → duration (for two hours, for many years)
- Good at, afraid of, married to, fond of — fixed phrases याद रखो
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ I have been waiting from morning.
✅ I have been waiting since morning.
क्यों? Point of time के लिए “since” लगता है, “from” नहीं।
❌ She is married with Ram.
✅ She is married to Ram.
क्यों? “Married to” fixed phrase है।
❌ He is good in English.
✅ He is good at English.
क्यों? “Good at” fixed phrase है।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
He is good ___ mathematics.
A. in B. at C. on D. for
✅ Answer: B. at
हिंदी में: “Good at” fixed phrase है skills/subjects के लिए। इसलिए “at” सही है।
📝 Practice Questions
- She is afraid ___ dogs.
A. from B. of C. with D. to
- He is good ___ English.
A. in B. at C. on D. for
- I have been living here ___ 2015.
A. for B. since C. from D. by
- She is married ___ Ram.
A. with B. to C. for D. by
Answers:
1. B. of — “Afraid of” fixed phrase है।
2. B. at — “Good at” fixed phrase है।
3. B. since — Point of time (2015) के लिए।
4. B. to — “Married to” fixed phrase है।
1. B. of — “Afraid of” fixed phrase है।
2. B. at — “Good at” fixed phrase है।
3. B. since — Point of time (2015) के लिए।
4. B. to — “Married to” fixed phrase है।
⭐ VVI Rules
- In = months/years/cities; On = days/dates/surfaces; At = time/points
- Since = point of time; For = duration
- Good at, afraid of, married to, fond of, die of, wait for — याद रखो
- With = person/instrument के साथ; By = method/by person
11. Conjunctions
Words that join words, phrases, or clauses
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases or clauses.
हिंदी में समझें: Conjunction वह word है जो words, phrases या clauses को जोड़ता है।
📏 Types of Conjunctions
- Coordinating: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
- Subordinating: because, although, if, when, while, since, unless
- Correlative: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
I like tea and coffee.
मुझे चाय और कॉफ़ी पसंद है।
“And” दो चीज़ें जोड़ रहा है।
He is poor but honest.
वह गरीब है लेकिन ईमानदार है।
“But” contrast बता रहा है।
She will come if you call her.
अगर तुम उसे बुलाओगे तो वह आएगी।
“If” condition बता रहा है।
Either Ram or Shyam will come.
या तो राम या श्याम आएगा।
Correlative pair है।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
- Equal parts जोड़े → Coordinating
- Dependent clause को independent से जोड़े → Subordinating
- Pair में आए → Correlative
- “Although” के साथ “but” कभी नहीं लगता।
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ Neither Ram or Shyam came.
✅ Neither Ram nor Shyam came.
क्यों? “Neither” के साथ “nor” आता है।
❌ Although he is poor, but he is honest.
✅ Although he is poor, he is honest.
क्यों? “Although” के साथ “but” नहीं लगता।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
He is poor ___ honest.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
✅ Answer: B. but
हिंदी में: “Poor” और “honest” में contrast है, इसलिए “but” लगेगा।
📝 Practice Questions
- She will come ___ you call her.
A. and B. if C. but D. or
- ___ Ram ___ Shyam will come. (either…or)
A. Neither…or B. Either…or C. Both…or D. Either…nor
- Work hard ___ you will fail.
A. and B. or C. but D. so
- He is not only intelligent ___ also hardworking.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
Answers:
1. B. if — Condition के लिए।
2. B. Either…or — Correlative pair।
3. B. or — Warning/choice के लिए।
4. B. but — “Not only…but also” pair है।
1. B. if — Condition के लिए।
2. B. Either…or — Correlative pair।
3. B. or — Warning/choice के लिए।
4. B. but — “Not only…but also” pair है।
⭐ VVI Rules
- And = जोड़ना, But = contrast, Or = choice
- Because = कारण, Although = विरोध, If = condition
- Neither…nor, Either…or, Both…and — pairs याद रखो
- Although के साथ “but” नहीं लगता।
12. Question Tags
Short questions added to statements
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: A question tag is a short question added to the end of a statement to confirm or check information.
हिंदी में समझें: Question tag एक छोटा question है जो statement के अंत में confirm करने के लिए लगता है।
📏 Rules
- Statement positive → Tag negative: You are coming, aren’t you?
- Statement negative → Tag positive: You are not coming, are you?
- Same auxiliary verb use करो।
- Same pronoun use करो।
- “Let’s” → “shall we?”
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
She is a doctor, isn’t she?
वह डॉक्टर है, है ना?
Statement positive है, इसलिए tag negative हुआ।
You are not tired, are you?
तुम थके नहीं हो, हो ना?
Statement negative है, इसलिए tag positive हुआ।
He can swim, can’t he?
वह तैर सकता है, है ना?
“Can” auxiliary है, इसलिए “can’t” tag।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
- Positive → Negative tag
- Negative → Positive tag
- Same helping verb और same pronoun
- Let’s → shall we?
- Nobody/No one → did they? / are they?
- I am → aren’t I?
❌ Common Mistakes
❌ She is a doctor, is she?
✅ She is a doctor, isn’t she?
क्यों? Statement positive है, tag negative होगा।
❌ You are not tired, aren’t you?
✅ You are not tired, are you?
क्यों? Statement negative है, tag positive होगा।
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
She is a doctor, ___?
A. is she B. isn’t she C. does she D. doesn’t she
✅ Answer: B. isn’t she
हिंदी में: Statement positive है, इसलिए tag negative होगा। “Is” auxiliary है, इसलिए “isn’t she” सही है।
📝 Practice Questions
- You are not tired, ___?
A. are you B. aren’t you C. do you D. don’t you
- He can swim, ___?
A. can he B. can’t he C. does he D. doesn’t he
- Let’s go, ___?
A. will we B. shall we C. do we D. don’t we
- Nobody came, ___?
A. did they B. didn’t they C. did he D. didn’t he
Answers:
1. A. are you — Statement negative है।
2. B. can’t he — Statement positive है।
3. B. shall we — “Let’s” के साथ “shall we”।
4. A. did they — “Nobody” negative है, tag positive।
1. A. are you — Statement negative है।
2. B. can’t he — Statement positive है।
3. B. shall we — “Let’s” के साथ “shall we”।
4. A. did they — “Nobody” negative है, tag positive।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Positive → Negative tag
- Negative → Positive tag
- Same auxiliary + same pronoun
- Let’s → shall we?
- Nobody/No one → positive tag with “they”
- I am → aren’t I?
13. Punctuation
Full stop, comma, question mark, exclamation mark, etc.
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Punctuation marks are symbols used in writing to separate sentences and clarify meaning.
हिंदी में समझें: Punctuation marks वे symbols हैं जो writing में sentences को separate करते हैं और meaning clear करते हैं।
📏 Common Punctuation Marks
- Full stop (.): Statement के अंत में
- Comma (,): Items/clauses को separate करता है
- Question mark (?): Question के अंत में
- Exclamation mark (!): Strong feeling के लिए
- Quotation marks (” “): Direct speech के लिए
- Apostrophe (‘): Possession/contraction के लिए
- Colon (:): List/explanation introduce करने के लिए
- Semicolon (;): दो independent clauses जोड़ने के लिए
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
She said, “I am happy.”
उसने कहा, “मैं खुश हूँ।”
Direct speech quotation marks में है।
What is your name?
तुम्हारा नाम क्या है?
Question है, इसलिए “?” लगा।
Wow! What a beautiful scene.
वाह! क्या सुंदर दृश्य है।
Strong feeling है, इसलिए “!” लगा।
Ram’s book is on the table.
राम की किताब मेज़ पर है।
Possession है, इसलिए apostrophe लगा।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
- Question → ?
- Exclamation → !
- Statement → .
- Possession → ‘s
- List के items → comma
- Direct speech → ” “
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
Punctuate: “what is your name”
A. What is your name. B. what is your name? C. What is your name? D. What is your name!
✅ Answer: C. What is your name?
हिंदी में: Question है, इसलिए “?” लगेगा और first letter capital होगा।
📝 Practice Questions
- Punctuate: “she said i am happy”
A. She said, I am happy. B. She said, “I am happy.” C. she said “I am happy” D. She said “I am happy”.
- Punctuate: “what a beautiful scene”
A. What a beautiful scene. B. What a beautiful scene? C. What a beautiful scene! D. what a beautiful scene!
- Punctuate: “ram’s book is on the table”
A. Rams book is on the table. B. Ram’s book is on the table. C. Ram’s book is on table. D. ram’s book is on the table
- Punctuate: “i bought apples oranges and bananas”
A. I bought apples oranges and bananas. B. I bought apples, oranges and bananas. C. I bought apples, oranges, and bananas. D. i bought apples, oranges, and bananas
Answers:
1. B. She said, “I am happy.” — Direct speech quotation marks में।
2. C. What a beautiful scene! — Exclamation है।
3. B. Ram’s book is on the table. — Apostrophe possession के लिए।
4. C. I bought apples, oranges, and bananas. — List में commas।
1. B. She said, “I am happy.” — Direct speech quotation marks में।
2. C. What a beautiful scene! — Exclamation है।
3. B. Ram’s book is on the table. — Apostrophe possession के लिए।
4. C. I bought apples, oranges, and bananas. — List में commas।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Statement → . , Question → ? , Exclamation → !
- Direct speech → ” “
- Possession → ‘s
- List में items के बीच comma
- First letter of sentence always capital
14. Common Errors
Frequently made mistakes and their corrections
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Common errors are mistakes students frequently make in English grammar.
हिंदी में समझें: Common errors वे गलतियाँ हैं जो students English grammar में बार-बार करते हैं।
📏 Common Errors and Corrections
| ❌ Incorrect | ✅ Correct | क्यों? (हिंदी) |
|---|---|---|
| He is my cousin brother. | He is my cousin. | Cousin दोनों gender के लिए। |
| She gave me an advice. | She gave me a piece of advice. | Advice uncountable है। |
| I am knowing him. | I know him. | Know stative verb है। |
| He is good in English. | He is good at English. | “Good at” fixed phrase। |
| She is married with Ram. | She is married to Ram. | “Married to” सही है। |
| I have been waiting from morning. | I have been waiting since morning. | Point of time के लिए “since”। |
| Each of the boys have a pen. | Each of the boys has a pen. | “Each” singular है। |
| He can to swim. | He can swim. | Modal के बाद “to” नहीं। |
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
- Subject-verb agreement check करो
- Preposition collocations देखो
- Tense consistency check करो
- Stative verbs का continuous form मत बनाओ
- Modal के बाद “to” मत लगाओ
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
Correct the sentence: “He is good in English.”
A. He is good in English. B. He is good at English. C. He is good on English. D. He is good for English.
✅ Answer: B. He is good at English.
हिंदी में: “Good at” fixed phrase है। “In” गलत है।
📝 Practice Questions
- Correct: “He is my cousin brother.”
A. He is my cousin. B. He is my brother cousin. C. He is cousin brother. D. He is my cousin brother only.
- Correct: “She gave me an advice.”
A. She gave me advice. B. She gave me a piece of advice. C. She gave me advices. D. She gave me an advices.
- Correct: “I am knowing him.”
A. I am knowing him. B. I knowing him. C. I know him. D. I knew him.
- Correct: “She is married with Ram.”
A. She is married with Ram. B. She is married to Ram. C. She married with Ram. D. She is marry to Ram.
Answers:
1. A. He is my cousin. — Cousin दोनों gender के लिए।
2. B. She gave me a piece of advice. — Advice uncountable है।
3. C. I know him. — Know stative verb है।
4. B. She is married to Ram. — “Married to” सही phrase।
1. A. He is my cousin. — Cousin दोनों gender के लिए।
2. B. She gave me a piece of advice. — Advice uncountable है।
3. C. I know him. — Know stative verb है।
4. B. She is married to Ram. — “Married to” सही phrase।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Good at, married to, afraid of, fond of — fixed phrases
- Stative verbs (know, love, believe) का continuous नहीं
- Modal के बाद “to” नहीं
- Each/Every/Neither → singular verb
- Since = point of time, For = duration
15. Vocabulary Grammar
Synonyms, Antonyms, One-word Substitution, Commonly Confused Words
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Vocabulary grammar deals with word meanings, synonyms, antonyms and correct word usage.
हिंदी में समझें: Vocabulary grammar में word meanings, synonyms (समानार्थी), antonyms (विलोम), और correct word usage आता है।
📏 Types
- Synonyms: Same meaning — happy — glad, joyful
- Antonyms: Opposite meaning — happy — sad
- One-word Substitution: एक phrase के लिए एक word — One who loves mankind — Philanthropist
- Commonly Confused Words: Similar words — affect/effect, their/there
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
| Word | Synonym | Antonym | हिंदी |
|---|---|---|---|
| Happy | Glad, Joyful | Sad | खुश / दुखी |
| Big | Large, Huge | Small | बड़ा / छोटा |
| Fast | Quick, Rapid | Slow | तेज़ / धीमा |
| Brave | Courageous | Cowardly | बहादुर / डरपोक |
One-word Substitution:
- One who loves mankind — Philanthropist (मानव प्रेमी)
- One who studies stars — Astronomer (खगोलशास्त्री)
- A place where books are kept — Library (पुस्तकालय)
- One who does not believe in God — Atheist (नास्तिक)
- One who cannot read or write — Illiterate (निरक्षर)
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
- Synonyms/Antonyms को pairs में याद करो
- One-word substitution के लिए common definitions याद करो
- Commonly confused words को sentence में use करके याद करो
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
Choose the synonym of “happy.”
A. sad B. glad C. angry D. tired
✅ Answer: B. glad
हिंदी में: “Glad” का meaning भी खुशी है, इसलिए यह synonym है।
📝 Practice Questions
- Synonym of “big”:
A. small B. large C. tiny D. little
- Antonym of “fast”:
A. quick B. rapid C. slow D. swift
- One-word: One who loves mankind:
A. Atheist B. Philanthropist C. Astronomer D. Librarian
- One-word: A place where books are kept:
A. Museum B. Library C. Laboratory D. Gallery
Answers:
1. B. large — बड़ा का synonym।
2. C. slow — तेज़ का antonym।
3. B. Philanthropist — मानव प्रेमी।
4. B. Library — पुस्तकालय।
1. B. large — बड़ा का synonym।
2. C. slow — तेज़ का antonym।
3. B. Philanthropist — मानव प्रेमी।
4. B. Library — पुस्तकालय।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Synonym = same meaning; Antonym = opposite meaning
- Philanthropist, Astronomer, Atheist, Illiterate — याद रखो
- Affect (verb) vs Effect (noun) — सामान्य confused words
- Their (possession) vs There (place)
- Your (possession) vs You’re (you are)
16. Sentence Correction
Correcting grammatically incorrect sentences
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Sentence correction means identifying and correcting grammatical errors in a sentence.
हिंदी में समझें: Sentence correction में sentence में grammatical errors ढूंढकर सही करना होता है।
📏 Common Error Types
- Subject-verb agreement errors
- Preposition errors
- Tense errors
- Article errors
- Pronoun errors
- Word order errors
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
❌ He go to school daily. → ✅ He goes to school daily.
वह रोज़ स्कूल जाता है।
“He” singular है, इसलिए “goes” लगेगा।
❌ She is good in English. → ✅ She is good at English.
वह अंग्रेज़ी में अच्छी है।
“Good at” fixed phrase है।
❌ Each of the boys have a pen. → ✅ Each of the boys has a pen.
हर लड़के के पास एक पेन है।
“Each” singular है।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
- पहले subject-verb agreement check करो
- फिर preposition collocations देखो
- फिर tense consistency check करो
- Articles (a/an/the) check करो
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
Correct the sentence: “He go to school daily.”
A. He goes to school daily. B. He going to school daily. C. He gone to school daily. D. He went to school daily.
✅ Answer: A. He goes to school daily.
हिंदी में: “He” singular third-person subject है, इसलिए Simple Present में verb के साथ -es लगेगा।
📝 Practice Questions
- Correct: “She is good in English.”
A. She is good in English. B. She is good at English. C. She is good on English. D. She is good for English.
- Correct: “I am knowing him.”
A. I am knowing him. B. I knowing him. C. I know him. D. I knew him.
- Correct: “Each of the boys have a pen.”
A. Each of the boys have a pen. B. Each of the boys has a pen. C. Each of the boy have a pen. D. Each of boys have a pen.
- Correct: “He can to swim.”
A. He can to swim. B. He can swim. C. He can swimming. D. He can swam.
Answers:
1. B. She is good at English. — Fixed phrase।
2. C. I know him. — Stative verb।
3. B. Each of the boys has a pen. — “Each” singular।
4. B. He can swim. — Modal + V1।
1. B. She is good at English. — Fixed phrase।
2. C. I know him. — Stative verb।
3. B. Each of the boys has a pen. — “Each” singular।
4. B. He can swim. — Modal + V1।
⭐ VVI Rules
- Subject-verb agreement सबसे पहले check करो
- Preposition collocations याद रखो (good at, married to, afraid of)
- Stative verbs का continuous नहीं बनता
- Modal के बाद base verb (V1)
- Each/Every/Neither → singular verb
17. Fill in the Blanks
Choosing the correct word to complete a sentence
📖 Definition — परिभाषा
English: Fill in the blanks questions require you to choose the correct word or phrase to complete a sentence.
हिंदी में समझें: Fill in the blanks में sentence में खाली जगह में सही word चुनना होता है।
📏 Tips
- पहले पूरा sentence पढ़ो
- Subject-verb agreement check करो
- Tense consistency check करो
- Preposition collocations देखो
- Galat options eliminate करो
✏️ Examples with Hindi Meaning
She goes to school every day.
वह रोज़ स्कूल जाती है।
“She” singular है, इसलिए “goes”।
He is good at English.
वह अंग्रेज़ी में अच्छा है।
“Good at” fixed phrase है।
I have been waiting since morning.
मैं सुबह से इंतज़ार कर रहा हूँ।
Point of time के लिए “since”।
🎯 पहचानने की Trick
- हर option के साथ sentence पढ़ो
- Jo grammar rule के हिसाब से सही लगे, वही answer है
- Subject-verb agreement, tense, preposition — तीनों check करो
🗓️ BSEB PYQ — 2024
She ___ to school every day.
A. go B. goes C. going D. gone
✅ Answer: B. goes
हिंदी में: “She” singular है, इसलिए Simple Present में verb के साथ -es लगेगा।
📝 Practice Questions
- He is good ___ English.
A. in B. at C. on D. for
- I have been waiting ___ morning.
A. from B. since C. for D. by
- Each of the boys ___ a pen.
A. have B. has C. are D. is
- She is married ___ Ram.
A. with B. to C. for D. by
Answers:
1. B. at — “Good at” fixed phrase।
2. B. since — Point of time।
3. B. has — “Each” singular।
4. B. to — “Married to” fixed phrase।
1. B. at — “Good at” fixed phrase।
2. B. since — Point of time।
3. B. has — “Each” singular।
4. B. to — “Married to” fixed phrase।
⭐ VVI Rules
- पहले पूरा sentence पढ़ो, फिर blank fill करो
- Subject-verb agreement सबसे important है
- Preposition collocations (good at, married to, afraid of) याद रखो
- Tense consistency check करो
🔥 BSEB Class 12 English Grammar — Quick Revision
Last-minute revision / आख़िरी समय की पुनरावृत्ति
📌 Important Rules — महत्वपूर्ण नियम
- Subject-verb agreement: Singular subject → singular verb; plural subject → plural verb
- Articles: A (consonant sound), An (vowel sound), The (specific/unique/superlative)
- Simple Present: Singular third-person subject + verb+s/es
- Modal + Base Verb (V1) — “to” never after modals
- Passive: Object + be + V3 + by + Subject
- Narration: SON rule, tense एक step पीछे, time/place words बदलो
- Since = point of time, For = duration
📌 Important Formulas / Structures
- Present Simple: Subject + V1/V1+s/es
- Present Continuous: Subject + is/am/are + V1+ing
- Present Perfect: Subject + has/have + V3
- Past Simple: Subject + V2
- Passive: Object + be + V3 + by + Subject
- Modal Passive: Modal + be + V3
- Question Tag: Positive → Negative tag, Negative → Positive tag
📌 Common Mistakes — सामान्य गलतियाँ
- ❌ He go → ✅ He goes
- ❌ Good in → ✅ Good at
- ❌ I am knowing → ✅ I know
- ❌ Married with → ✅ Married to
- ❌ Waiting from → ✅ Waiting since
- ❌ Each have → ✅ Each has
- ❌ Can to swim → ✅ Can swim
📌 Exam Tricks — परीक्षा की Tricks
- Sentence पूरा पढ़ो, फिर option चुनो
- Subject-verb agreement पहले check करो
- Preposition collocations याद रखो
- Stative verbs का continuous नहीं बनता
- Narration में tense एक step पीछे जाता है
- Modal के बाद “to” नहीं लगता
- Universal truths का tense नहीं बदलता
📝 Complete Grammar Mock Test
BSEB-style grammar questions with answers
Questions
- She ___ to school every day.
A. go B. goes C. going D. gone
- He is good ___ English.
A. in B. at C. on D. for
- I have been waiting ___ morning.
A. from B. since C. for D. by
- Each of the boys ___ a pen.
A. have B. has C. are D. is
- She is married ___ Ram.
A. with B. to C. for D. by
- He can ___ swim.
A. to B. swim C. swimming D. swam
- She is a doctor, ___?
A. is she B. isn’t she C. does she D. doesn’t she
- He is poor ___ honest.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
- Change to passive: “She writes a letter.”
A. A letter is written by her. B. A letter was written by her. C. A letter is being written by her. D. A letter has been written by her.
- Change to indirect: He said, “I am reading a book.”
A. He said that he is reading a book. B. He said that he was reading a book. C. He said that I was reading a book. D. He said that he had read a book.
- Fill in: “She is afraid ___ dogs.”
A. from B. of C. with D. to
- Fill in: “He is ___ honest man.”
A. a B. an C. the D. no article
- Correct: “He go to school daily.”
A. He goes to school daily. B. He going to school daily. C. He gone to school daily. D. He went to school daily.
- Synonym of “happy”:
A. sad B. glad C. angry D. tired
- Antonym of “big”:
A. large B. huge C. small D. giant
- Change into negative: “He is honest.”
A. He is not honest. B. He is dishonest. C. He is not dishonest. D. He is not honest at all.
- Identify the clause: “I know that he is honest.”
A. Noun Clause B. Adjective Clause C. Adverb Clause D. Main Clause
- Fill in: “She has been living here ___ 2010.”
A. for B. since C. from D. by
- Choose the correct sentence:
A. He is my cousin brother. B. He is my cousin. C. He is cousin brother. D. He is brother cousin.
- Fill in: “You ___ obey your parents.”
A. can B. may C. must D. could
- Identify the part of speech: “She sings beautifully.”
A. Noun B. Verb C. Adverb D. Adjective
- Change to interrogative: “It is a good idea.”
A. Is it a good idea? B. Isn’t it a good idea? C. Is it not good idea? D. It is not a good idea?
- Fill in: “He is ___ M.A. in English.”
A. a B. an C. the D. no article
- Change to complex: “He is too weak to walk.”
A. He is very weak to walk. B. He is so weak that he cannot walk. C. He is weak and cannot walk. D. He cannot walk because weak.
- One-word: One who loves mankind:
A. Atheist B. Philanthropist C. Astronomer D. Librarian
Answers with Hindi Explanations:
1. B. goes — “She” singular है, इसलिए verb+s।
2. B. at — “Good at” fixed phrase।
3. B. since — Point of time के लिए।
4. B. has — “Each” singular है।
5. B. to — “Married to” सही phrase।
6. B. swim — Modal के बाद base verb।
7. B. isn’t she — Positive statement → negative tag।
8. B. but — Contrast के लिए।
9. A. A letter is written by her. — Present Simple passive।
10. B. He said that he was reading a book. — Tense एक step पीछे।
11. B. of — “Afraid of” fixed phrase।
12. B. an — “Honest” का “h” silent है।
13. A. He goes to school daily. — Subject-verb agreement।
14. B. glad — खुशी का synonym।
15. C. small — बड़ा का antonym।
16. C. He is not dishonest. — Meaning same, form negative।
17. A. Noun Clause — Object का काम कर रहा है।
18. B. since — Point of time (2010)।
19. B. He is my cousin. — Cousin दोनों gender के लिए।
20. C. must — Strong moral obligation।
21. C. Adverb — क्रिया का तरीका बता रहा है।
22. B. Isn’t it a good idea? — Assertive से interrogative।
23. B. an — “M” का उच्चारण “em” (vowel sound)।
24. B. He is so weak that he cannot walk. — Simple से complex।
25. B. Philanthropist — मानव प्रेमी।
1. B. goes — “She” singular है, इसलिए verb+s।
2. B. at — “Good at” fixed phrase।
3. B. since — Point of time के लिए।
4. B. has — “Each” singular है।
5. B. to — “Married to” सही phrase।
6. B. swim — Modal के बाद base verb।
7. B. isn’t she — Positive statement → negative tag।
8. B. but — Contrast के लिए।
9. A. A letter is written by her. — Present Simple passive।
10. B. He said that he was reading a book. — Tense एक step पीछे।
11. B. of — “Afraid of” fixed phrase।
12. B. an — “Honest” का “h” silent है।
13. A. He goes to school daily. — Subject-verb agreement।
14. B. glad — खुशी का synonym।
15. C. small — बड़ा का antonym।
16. C. He is not dishonest. — Meaning same, form negative।
17. A. Noun Clause — Object का काम कर रहा है।
18. B. since — Point of time (2010)।
19. B. He is my cousin. — Cousin दोनों gender के लिए।
20. C. must — Strong moral obligation।
21. C. Adverb — क्रिया का तरीका बता रहा है।
22. B. Isn’t it a good idea? — Assertive से interrogative।
23. B. an — “M” का उच्चारण “em” (vowel sound)।
24. B. He is so weak that he cannot walk. — Simple से complex।
25. B. Philanthropist — मानव प्रेमी।